Which Union Victory Gave The Union Control Of The Mississippi River?

Battle of the American Ceremonious War'southward Anaconda Plan

Siege of Vicksburg
Part of the Vicksburg campaign of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
The Siege of Vicksburg past Kurz and Allison
Date May eighteen – July four, 1863 (i month, 2 weeks and 2 days)[one] Location Warren County, Mississippi 32°20′37″N ninety°51′04″W  /  32.34361°North ninety.85111°W  / 32.34361; -90.85111 Coordinates: 32°xx′37″N ninety°51′04″West  /  32.34361°N ninety.85111°W  / 32.34361; -ninety.85111 Upshot Marriage victory[2] [three]
Belligerents
Wedlock	Confederacy
Commanders and leaders
Ulysses Southward. Grant	John C. Pemberton
Units involved
Army of the Tennessee	Army of Mississippi
Forcefulness
~77,000[4]	~33,000
Casualties and losses
4,835 total (766 killed  3,793 wounded  276 captured/missing)[5]	32,697 full (3,202 killed/wounded/missing  29,495 surrendered)[5] 172 cannons captured by Usa 1 camel killed
Vicksburg class=notpageimage| Location inside the Confederate Country of Mississippi Prove map of Mississippi Vicksburg Vicksburg (the United states) Show map of the United states

The siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg entrada of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and collection the Confederate Ground forces of Mississippi, led by Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Vicksburg was the last major Amalgamated stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the second role of the Northern strategy, the Anaconda Program. When 2 major assaults against the Confederate fortifications, on May 19 and 22, were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to congregate the city beginning on May 25. Afterward holding out for more than forty days, with their supplies near gone, the garrison surrendered on July 4. The successful ending of the Vicksburg entrada significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war effort. This action, combined with the surrender of the downward-river Port Hudson to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9, yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, who would concur information technology for the rest of the conflict.

The Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863, is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert Due east. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George Meade the previous twenty-four hour period, the turning point of the war. Information technology cut off the Trans-Mississippi Section (containing the states of Arkansas, Texas and function of Louisiana) from the residue of the Confederate States, effectively splitting the Confederacy in ii for the rest of the war. Lincoln called Vicksburg "the key to the war."^[six]

Background [edit]

Military situation [edit]

Grant's operations against Vicksburg

 Amalgamated

 Spousal relationship

After crossing the Mississippi River south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast, Grant won battles at Port Gibson and Raymond and captured Jackson, the Mississippi state capital, on May 14, 1863, forcing Pemberton to withdraw due west. Attempts to end the Union advance at Champion Hill and Large Blackness River Bridge were unsuccessful. Pemberton knew that the corps nether Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman was preparing to flank him from the north, and and so had no choice only to withdraw or be outflanked. Pemberton burned the bridges over the Big Black River and devastated the countryside as he retreated to the well-fortified city of Vicksburg.^[7]

The Confederates evacuated Hayne'due south Bluff, which was subsequently occupied by Sherman's cavalry on May nineteen, and Union steamboats no longer had to run the guns of Vicksburg, at present being able to dock past the dozens up the Yazoo River. Grant could now receive supplies more direct than by the previous road, which ran through Louisiana, over the river crossing at G Gulf and Bruinsburg, then back up north.^[seven]

Over half of Pemberton's army had been lost in the two preceding battles^[8] and many in Vicksburg expected General Joseph East. Johnston, in command of the Confederate Department of the Due west, to relieve the city—which he never did. Big numbers of Marriage troops were on the march to invest the city. They repaired the bridges over the Large Black River and crossed on May 18. Johnston sent a note to his general, Pemberton, asking him to sacrifice the urban center and save his troops, something Pemberton would not do. Pemberton, a Northerner by birth, was probably influenced by his fear of public condemnation if he abandoned Vicksburg.^[ix]

Pemberton, trying to delight Jefferson Davis, who insisted that Vicksburg and Port Hudson must exist held, and to please Johnston, who thought both places worthless militarily, had been caught in the center, a victim of a convoluted control system and his own indecisiveness. Too dispirited to call back clearly, he chose to back his bedraggled army into Vicksburg rather than evacuate the urban center and caput north where he might have escaped to campaign once again. When he chose to have his army into Vicksburg, Pemberton sealed the fate of his troops and the city he had been determined to defend.

— Vicksburg, Michael B. Ballard.^[10]

Fortifications [edit]

As the Union forces approached Vicksburg, Pemberton could put only eighteen,500 troops in his lines. Grant had over 35,000, with more than on the way. Nonetheless, Pemberton had the reward of terrain and fortifications that made his defense about impregnable. The defensive line around Vicksburg ran for approximately vi and a half miles (10 km), based on terrain of varying elevations that included hills and knobs with steep slopes which would crave an attacker to ascend them under fire. The perimeter included many gun pits, forts, trenches, redoubts, and lunettes. The major fortifications of the line included: Fort Hill, on a high bluff north of the city; the Stockade Redan, dominating the arroyo to the city on Graveyard Road from the northeast; the third Louisiana Redan; the Nifty Redoubt; the Railroad Redoubt, protecting the gap for the railroad line inbound the urban center; the Foursquare Fort (Fort Garrott); a salient along the Hall's Ferry Road; and the South Fort.^[xi]

Opposing forces [edit]

Ground forces Commanders at Vicksburg
Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Army of the Tennessee, USA Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, Army of Mississippi, CSA

Matrimony [edit]

Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant'southward Wedlock Army of the Tennessee brought v corps to the siege:

• 9 Corps,^[12] nether Maj. Gen. John Parke;
• Thirteen Corps, under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand;
• Xv Corps, nether Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman;
• XVI Corps (detachment), under Maj. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn;
• XVII Corps, nether Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson.

Confederate [edit]

Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's Amalgamated Army of Mississippi inside the Vicksburg line consisted of four divisions, under Maj. Gens.:

• Carter L. Stevenson;
• John H. Forney;
• Martin L. Smith;
• John South. Bowen.

Siege [edit]

Assaults [edit]

May 19 assaults on Vicksburg

May 22 assaults on Vicksburg

Grant wanted to overwhelm the Confederates before they could fully organize their defenses and ordered an assault against the Stockade Redan for May 19. Troops from Sherman's corps had a difficult time budgeted the position under burglarize and arms fire from the 36th Mississippi Infantry, Brig. Gen. Louis Hébert'south brigade. They had to negotiate a steep ravine protected by abatis and cross a 6-foot-deep (1.8 m), 8-foot-wide (2.4 grand) ditch earlier attacking the 17-foot-loftier (5.2 m) walls of the redan. This offset attempt was easily repulsed. Grant ordered an artillery bombardment to soften the defenses and at about 2 pm, Sherman'south division nether Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair tried again, simply only a small number of men were able to advance even every bit far as the ditch below the redan. The assault collapsed in an exchange of burglarize burn and manus grenades lobbing back and forth.^[thirteen]

The failed Marriage assaults of May 19 damaged troop morale, deflating the confidence the soldiers had felt later on their string of victories across Mississippi. They were also costly, with 157 killed, 777 wounded, and viii missing, versus Amalgamated casualties of viii killed and 62 wounded. The Confederates, assumed to be demoralized, had regained their fighting edge.^[14]

Grant planned some other assault for May 22, only this time with greater care; his troops would kickoff reconnoiter thoroughly and soften up the defenses with artillery and naval gunfire. The lead units were supplied with ladders to ascend the fortification walls. Grant did not want a long siege, and this attack was to be past the unabridged regular army across a wide front end.^[15]

Despite their bloody repulse on May 19, Union troops were in loftier spirits, now well-fed with provisions they had foraged. On seeing Grant pass by, a soldier commented, "Hardtack". Presently all Spousal relationship troops in the vicinity were yelling, "Hardtack! Hardtack!" The Union served hardtack, beans, and coffee the night of May 21. Anybody expected that Vicksburg would fall the side by side day.^[xvi]

Union forces bombarded the metropolis all night, from 220 artillery pieces and with naval gunfire from Rear Adm. David D. Porter'due south fleet in the river. While causing little property impairment, they damaged Confederate civilian morale. On the morn of May 22, the defenders were bombarded over again for iv hours before the Spousal relationship attacked over again along a 3-mile (v km) front at 10 am.^[17]

Sherman attacked once again downwardly the Graveyard Road, with 150 volunteers (nicknamed the forlorn hope detachment) leading the way with ladders and planks, followed by the divisions of Blair and Brig. Gen. James M. Tuttle, arranged in a long column of regiments. They hoped to achieve a breakthrough by concentrating their mass on a narrow front. They were driven back in the face of heavy rifle burn down. Blair's brigades under Cols. Giles A. Smith and T. Kilby Smith made it as far as a ridge 100 yards from Green's Redan, the southern edge of the Stockade Redan, from where they poured heavy fire into the Confederate position, merely to no avail. Tuttle's division, waiting its turn to advance, did not have an opportunity to move forward. On Sherman'south far right, the sectionalization of Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele spent the morning attempting to get into position through a ravine of the Mint Spring Bayou.^[xviii]

McPherson's corps was assigned to set on the heart along the Jackson Road. On their correct flank, the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas East. 1000. Bribe avant-garde to inside 100 yards of the Amalgamated line, but halted to avert dangerous flanking fire from Green's Redan. On McPherson's left flank, the segmentation of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan was assigned to assault the 3rd Louisiana Redan and the Bang-up Redoubt. The brigade of Brig. Gen. John Eastward. Smith made information technology equally far as the slope of the redan, but huddled there, dodging grenades until dark, when they were recalled. Brig. Gen. John D. Stevenson'south brigade advanced in two columns against the redoubt, but their attack besides failed when they found their ladders were besides short to scale the fortification. Brig. Gen. Isaac F. Quinby'southward segmentation advanced a few hundred yards, but halted for hours while its generals engaged in confused discussions.^[xix]

On the Union left, McClernand'south corps moved along the Baldwin Ferry Road and astride the Southern Railroad of Mississippi. The sectionalization of Brig. Gen. Eugene A. Carr was assigned to capture the Railroad Redoubt and the second Texas Lunette; the segmentation of Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus was assigned the Square Fort. Carr's men accomplished a small breakthrough at the second Texas Lunette and requested reinforcements.^[xx]

By 11 am, it was clear that a breakthrough was not forthcoming and that the advances by Sherman and McPherson were failures. Only then, Grant received a bulletin from McClernand, which stated that he was heavily engaged, the Confederates were being reinforced, and he requested a diversion on his correct from McPherson's corps. Grant initially refused the request, telling McClernand to employ his own reserve forces for assistance; Grant was mistakenly under the impression that McClernand had been lightly engaged and McPherson heavily, although the contrary was truthful. McClernand followed upwardly with a message that was partially misleading, implying that he had captured two forts—"The Stars and Stripes are flying over them."—and that some other push along the line would achieve victory for the Union Army. In fact, more than a dozen members of the 22nd Iowa Infantry Regiment had secured a tenuous foothold in a portion of the fortification known as the Railroad Redoubt, and forced Amalgamated defenders back from that betoken, though the Iowans could not accelerate further. Although Grant one time again demurred, he showed the dispatch to Sherman, who ordered his own corps to advance again. Grant, reconsidering, then ordered McPherson to transport Quinby's sectionalisation to aid McClernand.^[21]

As our line of boxing started and earlier our yell had died upon the air the confederate fortifications in our front were completely crowded with the enemy, who with an answering cry of defiance, poured into our ranks, one continuous fire of musketry, and the forts and batteries in our front and both sides, were pouring in to our line, an unceasing fire of shot and beat, with fearful results, as this storm of fire sent us, intermixed with the bursting shells and that devilish rebel yell, I could compare to nothing but i of Dante'south pictures of Hell, a something too fearful to depict.

Daniel A. Ramsdell, Bribe's Brigade^[22]

Sherman ordered two more assaults. At two:xv pm, Giles Smith and Ransom moved out and were repulsed immediately. At 3 pm, Tuttle'due south division suffered so many casualties in their aborted advance that Sherman told Tuttle, "This is murder; order those troops back." By this fourth dimension, Steele'southward division had finally maneuvered into position on Sherman'south correct, and at four pm, Steele gave the social club to charge against the 26th Louisiana Redoubt. They had no more than success than any of Sherman's other assaults.^[23]

In McPherson'southward sector, Logan's division made another thrust down the Jackson Road at almost ii pm, just met with heavy losses and the assail was called off. McClernand attacked again, reinforced by Quinby'southward sectionalisation, merely with no success. Union casualties for the day totalled 502 killed, 2,550 wounded, and 147 missing, about evenly divided across the iii corps. Amalgamated casualties were non reported directly, merely are estimated to have been nether 500. Grant blamed McClernand's misleading dispatches for role of the poor results of the day, storing up some other grievance confronting the political general who had acquired him then many aggravations during the campaign.^[24]

Siege operations [edit]

Siege of Vicksburg. Corps and sectionalisation commanders are shown for the menstruation June 23 – July 4.

Historian Shelby Foote wrote that Grant "did not regret having made the assaults; he simply regretted that they had failed."^[25] Grant reluctantly settled into a siege. On May 25, Lt. Col. John A. Rawlins issued Special Orders No. 140 for Grant:

Corps Commanders will immediately embark the work of reducing the enemy past regular approaches. It is desirable that no more than loss of life shall exist sustained in the reduction of Vicksburg, and the capture of the Garrison. Every advantage volition be taken of the natural inequalities of the ground to gain positions from which to start mines, trenches, or advance batteries. ...^[26]

Grant wrote in his memoirs, "I now determined upon a regular siege—to 'out-camp the enemy,' equally it were, and to incur no more than losses."^[27]

Federal troops began to dig in, constructing elaborate entrenchments which the soldiers of the time referred to as "ditches". These surrounded the metropolis and moved steadily closer to the Confederate fortifications. With their backs against the Mississippi and Matrimony gunboats firing from the river, Amalgamated soldiers and citizens alike were trapped. Pemberton was determined to hold his few miles of the Mississippi every bit long as possible, hoping for relief from Johnston or elsewhere.^[28]

A new trouble confronted the Confederates. The dead and wounded of Grant's regular army lay in the oestrus of Mississippi summer, the odor of the deceased men and horses fouling the air, the wounded crying for medical help and water. Grant first refused a request of truce, thinking it a show of weakness. Finally he relented, and the Confederates held their burn down while the Union recovered the wounded and dead on May 25, soldiers from both sides mingling and trading as if no hostilities existed for the moment.^[29]

After this truce, Grant's army began to fill up the 12-mile (xix km) ring around Vicksburg. It soon became clear that even 50,000 Matrimony soldiers would not be able to consequence a complete encirclement of the Confederate defenses. Pemberton's outlook on escape was pessimistic, but there were yet roads leading south out of Vicksburg unguarded by Wedlock troops. Grant sought help from Maj. Gen. Henry Westward. Halleck, the Union full general-in-principal. Halleck apace began to shift Union troops in the W to see Grant'south needs. The offset of these reinforcements was a 5,000-homo division from the Department of the Missouri under Maj. Gen. Francis J. Herron on June 11. Herron'southward troops, remnants of the Army of the Frontier, were attached to McPherson's corps and took up position on the far due south. Adjacent came a three division detachment from Xvi Corps led by Brig. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn on June 12, assembled from troops at the nearby posts of Corinth, Memphis, and LaGrange. The final significant grouping of reinforcements to bring together was the 8,000-homo strong 9 Corps from the Department of the Ohio, led by Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, arriving on June 14. With the arrival of Parke, Grant had 77,000 men around Vicksburg.^[30]

In an effort to cut Grant's supply line, Confederates in Louisiana under Major Full general John G. Walker attacked Milliken's Bend up the Mississippi on June seven. This was largely dedicated by recently enlisted United States colored troops. Despite having inferior weaponry, they fought bravely and repulsed the Confederates with help from gunboats, although at heavy price; the defenders lost 652 to the Amalgamated 185. The loss at Milliken'south Bend left the Confederates with no hope for relief other than from the cautious Johnston.^[31]

Nosotros have our trenches pulled up so close to the enemy that we tin can throw hand grenades over into their forts. The enemy practice not dare show their heads to a higher place the parapet at any time, and then shut and so watchful are our sharpshooters. The town is completely invested. My position is so strong that I feel myself abundantly able to leave it so and go out xx or xxx miles with force enough to whip 2 such garrisons.

Ulysses South. Grant, writing to George G. Pride, June 15, 1863^[32]

Pemberton was boxed in with plentiful munitions just petty nutrient. The poor diet was telling on the Confederate soldiers. By the cease of June, one-half were sick or hospitalized. Scurvy, malaria, dysentery, diarrhea, and other diseases cutting their ranks. At least 1 city resident had to stay upward at night to proceed starving soldiers out of his vegetable garden. The constant shelling did not bother him as much as the loss of his food. Every bit the siege wore on, fewer and fewer horses, mules, and dogs were seen wandering about Vicksburg. Shoe leather became a last resort of sustenance for many adults.^[33]

Heavy artillery pieces that were used by the Union in order to force the besieged city and its defenders into surrender

During the siege, Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery burn was even heavier. As the barrages continued, suitable housing in Vicksburg was reduced to a minimum. A ridge, located between the main boondocks and the insubordinate defense line, provided lodging for the duration. Over 500 caves, known locally as "bombproofs", were dug into the yellow clay hills of Vicksburg. Whether houses were structurally audio or not, it was deemed safer to occupy these dugouts. People did their best to make them comfortable, with rugs, furniture, and pictures. They tried to fourth dimension their movements and foraging with the rhythm of the cannonade, sometimes unsuccessfully. Because of the citizens' burrowing, the Union soldiers gave the town the nickname of "Prairie Dog Village". Despite the ferocity of the Marriage burn, fewer than a dozen civilians are known to have been killed during the siege.^[34]

Command changes [edit]

One of Grant's deportment during the siege was to settle a lingering rivalry. On May xxx, General McClernand wrote a cocky-adulatory note to his troops, claiming much of the credit for the soon-to-exist victory. Grant had been waiting 6 months for him to slip, ever since they clashed early on in the campaign, around the Battle of Arkansas Post. He had received permission to relieve McClernand in January 1863 merely waited for an unequivocal provocation; McClernand was relieved on June 18. Grant then carefully prepared his action that McClernand was left without recourse. McClernand'southward XIII Corps was turned over to Maj. Gen. Edward Ord, who had recovered from an October 1862 wound sustained at Hatchie's Bridge. In May 1864, McClernand would be given a command in a remote area of Texas.^[35]

Another command alter occurred on June 22. In addition to Pemberton in Vicksburg, Grant had to exist aware of Confederate forces in his rear under the command of Joseph E. Johnston. He stationed one division in the vicinity of the Big Blackness River Bridge and another reconnoitered as far due north equally Mechanicsburg; both acted equally covering forces. Past June x, the IX Corps, under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, was transferred to Grant'south command. This corps became the nucleus of a special chore force whose mission was to prevent Johnston, who was gathering his forces at Canton, from interfering with the siege. Sherman was given control of this task force and Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele replaced him at XV Corps. Johnston eventually began moving to relieve Pemberton and reached the Big Black River on July 1, merely he delayed a potentially difficult run into with Sherman until it was too tardily for the Vicksburg garrison, and then fell back to Jackson.^[36] Sherman would pursue Johnston and recapture Jackson on July 17.

Louisiana operations [edit]

"Whistling Dick" was the name given to this Confederate eighteen-pounder because of the peculiar dissonance made by its projectiles. It was part of the defensive batteries facing the Mississippi River at Vicksburg. On May 28, 1863, its fire sank USS Cincinnati.

Throughout the siege Union and Amalgamated forces kept busy in a supporting role on the Louisiana side of the Mississippi River. Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, received a telegraph from Pemberton on May 9 requesting that he move against Grant'due south communication lines along the Mississippi River. Grant had established important supply depots at Milliken'south Bend, Young's Bespeak, and Lake Providence, all within Smith'due south jurisdiction, just Smith failed to recognize the importance of Pemberton's situation. Information technology was non until June when Smith finally took activeness on Pemberton's request, directing Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor to "do something" in support of the Vicksburg garrison.^[37] Taylor allowable the District of Western Louisiana and developed a 3-pronged campaign against Grant's three supply depots. All three of Taylor'southward assaults were defeated at the Battle of Milliken's Curve, the Battle of Young's Point, and the Battle of Lake Providence.

In response to the growing Confederate activeness in the area, Grant decided to dispatch troops from the Vicksburg trenches beyond the river. The presence of Maj. Gen. John Chiliad. Walker'due south Confederate division on the Louisiana side was of particular concern; its presence could mayhap aid any Confederate attempt to escape from Vicksburg. Therefore, Brig. Gen. Alfred W. Ellet'southward Mississippi Marine Brigade and Joseph A. Mower'southward brigade from Sherman'southward corps were ordered to the vicinity of Milliken's Bend. Mower and Ellet were to cooperate confronting Walker's segmentation, which was stationed in the vicinity of Richmond, Louisiana. Richmond was likewise an important supply line providing Vicksburg with food from Louisiana. On June 15, Ellet and Mower defeated Walker and destroyed Richmond.^[38]

Ellet's men returned to De Soto Indicate and constructed an artillery bombardment targeting an iron foundry recasting spent Wedlock artillery shells. Construction was begun on June 19, which placed a xx-pounder Parrott rifle in a casemate of railroad iron. The targeted foundry was destroyed on June 25 and the next day a second Parrott gun was added to the battery, which connected to harass the defenders until the garrison'due south surrender.^[39]

Additional Amalgamated activity in Louisiana occurred on June 29 at Goodrich'south Landing when they attacked a plantation and an ground forces training center run past former slaves. The Confederates destroyed the plantations and captured over a hundred former slaves before disengaging in the face of Ellet'south Marines. Confederate raids such every bit these were disruptive and acquired damage, but they were but small setbacks and demonstrated that the Confederates could cause only momentary disturbances in the area.^[40]

Crater at the Third Louisiana Redan [edit]

Fighting at the crater at the Third Louisiana Redan

Late in the siege, Wedlock troops tunneled under the third Louisiana Redan and packed the mine with two,200 pounds of gunpowder. The explosion blew apart the Confederate lines on June 25, while an infantry assail made past troops from Logan's XVII Corps partitioning followed the blast. The 45th Illinois Regiment (known as the "Lead Mine Regiment"), nether Col. Jasper A. Maltby, charged into the 40-foot (12 m) diameter, 12-human foot (3.7 m) deep crater with ease, but were stopped past recovering Confederate infantry. The Union soldiers became pinned down and the defenders rolled artillery shells with short fuses into the pit with deadly results. Union engineers worked to ready a casemate in the crater in gild to extricate the infantry, and before long the soldiers fell dorsum to a new defensive line. From the crater left by the explosion, Spousal relationship miners worked to dig a new mine to the south. On July 1, this mine was detonated but no infantry attack followed. Pioneers worked throughout July 2 and three to widen the initial crater to be large enough for an infantry column of four to pass through for whatsoever future assault. However, events the post-obit twenty-four hours negated the need for whatever further assaults.^[41]

Capture [edit]

Shirley'south Firm, also known as the White Business firm, during the siege of Vicksburg, 1863. Union troops of Logan's division set near equally engineers and sappers to undermine Confederate fortifications but they had to stay nether encompass for fear of Confederate sharpshooters.

On July 3, Pemberton sent a note to Grant regarding the possibility of negotiations for peace. Grant, as he had washed at Fort Donelson, beginning demanded unconditional surrender. He and so reconsidered, non wanting to feed thirty,000 Confederates in Union prison camps, and offered to parole all prisoners. Considering their destitute and starving state, he never expected them to fight again; he hoped they would carry home the stigma of defeat to the balance of the Confederacy. In whatever event, shipping that many prisoners north would have occupied his army and taken months.^[42] Pemberton officially surrendered his ground forces on July four.^[43] Most of the men who were paroled on July half-dozen were exchanged and received back into the Confederate Army on August 4, 1863, at Mobile Harbor, Alabama. They were back in Chattanooga, Tennessee, by September and some fought in the Battles for Chattanooga in Nov and against Sherman's invasion of Georgia in May 1864. The Confederate authorities protested the validity of the paroles on technical grounds and the result was referred to Grant who, in April 1864, was general in primary of the army. The dispute effectively ended all further prisoner exchanges during the war except for hardship cases.^[44]

Give up was formalized by an old oak tree, "fabricated historical past the effect". In his Personal Memoirs, Grant described the fate of this luckless tree:

Information technology was but a short time earlier the terminal vestige of its trunk, root and limb had disappeared, the fragments taken as trophies. Since and then the same tree has furnished as many cords of forest, in the shape of trophies, every bit the 'True Cross'.^[45]

Troops of John A. Logan's division enter Vicksburg on July iv

The give up was finalized on July 4, Independence Twenty-four hours, a mean solar day Pemberton had hoped would bring more sympathetic terms from the United States. Although the Vicksburg campaign continued with some pocket-sized deportment, the fortress city had fallen and, with the surrender of Port Hudson on July nine, the Mississippi River was firmly in Union hands and the Confederacy split in 2. President Lincoln famously announced, "The Begetter of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea."^[46]

Matrimony casualties for the battle and siege of Vicksburg were four,835; Confederate were 32,697, of whom 29,495 had surrendered.^[v] The full entrada, since March 29, claimed 10,142 Union and 9,091 Amalgamated killed and wounded. In add-on to the men under his command, Pemberton turned over to Grant 172 cannons and 50,000 rifles.^[47]

Aftermath [edit]

The states historic identify

Vicksburg National War machine Park
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.Due south. National Military Park
Statue of General Grant at Vicksburg National Military Park
Location	Vicksburg, Mississippi & Delta, Louisiana, USA
Surface area	1,852.75 acres (749.78 ha)
Built	February 21, 1899 (February 21, 1899)
Architectural style	Greek Revival
Visitation	703,484 (2005)
NRHP referenceNo.	66000100
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966

Vicksburg was the last major Amalgamated stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the 2nd function of the Northern strategy, the Anaconda Programme. The successful ending of the Vicksburg entrada significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war endeavor. This activeness, combined with the surrender of Port Hudson to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9, yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Matrimony forces, who would hold it for the rest of the conflict.

The Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863, is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's July 3 defeat at Gettysburg by Maj. Gen. George Meade, the turning betoken of the war. Information technology cutting off the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas from the rest of the Confederate States, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two for the duration of the war. The Union victory also permanently severed communication betwixt the Trans-Mississippi Department and the balance of the Confederacy.

Folk tradition holds that the Fourth of July (Independence Twenty-four hours) holiday was not celebrated by Vicksburg until World War 2.^[48] This claim is inaccurate, for big Independence Day celebrations were held as early as 1907.^[49]

Battlefield preservation [edit]

The works around Vicksburg are at present maintained by the National Park Service as office of Vicksburg National Military Park. The park, located in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Delta, Louisiana (flanking the Mississippi River), likewise commemorates the greater Vicksburg entrada which led up to the battle and includes reconstructed forts and trenches. The park includes 1,325 historic monuments and markers, 20 miles (32 km) of historic trenches and earthworks, a 16-mile (26 km) tour road, a 12.v-mile (20 km) walking trail, two antebellum homes, 144 emplaced cannons, the restored gunboat USS Cairo (sunk on December 12, 1862, on the Yazoo River), and the Grant's Canal site, where the Union Army attempted to build a canal to let their ships featherbed Amalgamated artillery burn.

The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 47 acres (0.nineteen km²) of the Vicksburg battlefield through 2021.^[50]

Come across also [edit]

• Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863
• List of costliest American Ceremonious War land battles
• Commemoration of the American Civil War
• Celebration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
• Armies in the American Ceremonious State of war
• Mississippi River in the American Civil War

Notes [edit]

1. ^ National Park Service. Grant's army arrived at the outskirts of Vicksburg on May 19, only formal siege operations began with Grant'south Special Order No. 140 on May 25 (Simon, p. 267).
2. ^ See: Rawley, pp. 145–169.
3. ^ Vicksburg Campaign; History.com online website; text: "...The Siege of Vicksburg (May eighteen, 1863 – July four, 1863) was a decisive Union victory during the American Civil War (1861–65) ..."; accessed June 2020
4. ^ Kennedy, p. 172.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Kennedy, p. 173.
6. ^ Vicksburg, Mailing Accost: 3201 Clay Street; Us, MS 39183 Phone:636-0583 Contact. "History & Culture - Vicksburg National War machine Park (U.Southward. National Park Service)". world wide web.nps.gov . Retrieved January xiv, 2021.
7. ^ ^{a b} Esposito, text for map 105.
8. ^ Kennedy, pp. 171.
9. ^ Smith, p. 251; Grabau, pp. 343–46; Catton, pp. 198–200; Esposito, text for map 106.
10. ^ Ballard, p. 318.
11. ^ Eicher, pp. 467–68.
12. ^ IX Corps: joined from the Department of the Ohio, June 14 to 17.
13. ^ Eicher, p. 468; Ballard, p. 327-32.
14. ^ Bearss, vol. Three, pp. 778–80; Ballard, p. 332.
15. ^ Ballard, p. 339.
16. ^ Ballard, p. 333.
17. ^ Kennedy, p. 171; Foote, p. 384; Smith, p. 252.
18. ^ Ballard, p. 338–39; Bearss, vol. Three, pp. 815–19.
19. ^ Ballard, p. 339–40; Bearss, vol. 3, pp. 819–23.
20. ^ Ballard, p. 340–43.
21. ^ Ballard, p. 343–44; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 836–38.
22. ^ Ballard, pp. 344–45.
23. ^ Ballard, pp. 344–46.
24. ^ Eicher, p. 469; Bearss, vol. Three, p. 869; Kennedy, p. 172.
25. ^ Foote, p. 386.
26. ^ Simon, pp. 267–68.
27. ^ Grant, ch. XXXVII, p. 1.
28. ^ Smith, p. 253; Foote, p. 412; Catton, p. 205.
29. ^ Bearss, vol. Three, pp. 860–61; Foote, p. 387.
30. ^ Bearss, vol. 3, pp. 963, 1071–79.
31. ^ "Milliken's Bend", National Park Service (NPS) https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001420/http://world wide web.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/la011.htm; Bearss, vol. III, pp. 1175–87.
32. ^ Bearss, vol. Three, p. 875.
33. ^ Korn, pp. 149–52; Catton, p. 205; Ballard, pp. 385–86.
34. ^ Korn, p. 139; Foote, p. 412.
35. ^ Bearss, vol. Iii, pp. 875–79; Ballard, pp. 358–59; Korn, pp. 147–48.
36. ^ Esposito, text for map 107.
37. ^ "Vicksburg NMP: Young'due south Point". Nps.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
38. ^ "Vicksburg NMP: Battle of Richmond". Nps.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
39. ^ "Vicksburg NMP: US Mississippi Marine Brigade". Nps.gov. Retrieved May xviii, 2013.
40. ^ "ABPP: Goodrich'due south Landing". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on January six, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2013. https://spider web.archive.org/web/20140102043148/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp//battles/la014.htm
41. ^ Grabau, pp. 428–38; Bearss, vol. 3, pp. 908–30.
42. ^ Smith, pp. 254–55.
43. ^ "Vicksburg". Civil War Trust. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
44. ^ Henderson, Lillian, The Roster of Confederate Soldiers of Georgia, Longino and Porter, 1994; Bearss, vol III, pp. 1309–eleven.
45. ^ Grant, ch. XXXVIII, p. xvi.
46. ^ McPherson, p. 638.
47. ^ Ballard, pp. 398–99.
48. ^ Historian Michael G. Ballard, in his Vicksburg campaign history, pp. 420–21, claims that this story has little foundation in fact. Although it is unknown whether city officials sanctioned the day as a local holiday, Southern observances of July 4 were for many years characterized more than by family unit picnics than by formal city or canton activities.
49. ^ Waldrep, Christopher (2005). Vicksburg'southward Long Shadow: The Ceremonious War Legacy Of Race And Remembrance. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 247. ISBN978-0742548688.
50. ^ [1] American Battlefield Trust "Saved Country" webpage. Accessed November 23, 2021.

References [edit]

• Ballard, Michael B. Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi. Chapel Colina: Academy of North Carolina Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8078-2893-nine.
• Bearss, Edwin C. The Entrada for Vicksburg. 3 vols. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1985. ISBN 978-0-89029-312-6.
• Catton, Bruce. The Centennial History of the Civil State of war. Vol. three, Never Call Retreat. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965. ISBN 0-671-46990-8.
• Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
• Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
• Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
• Gabel, Christopher R., Staff ride handbook for the Vicksburg Campaign, December 1862 – July 1863. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2001. OCLC 47296103.
• Grabau, Warren East. Ninety-Lxxx Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Entrada. Knoxville: Academy of Tennessee Printing, 2000. ISBN 1-57233-068-half dozen.
• Grant, Ulysses Due south. (1885). Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. Vol. I. Vol. I. New York, NY: Charles L. Webster & Visitor. p. 612. OCLC 44674220.
• Grant, Ulysses S. (1892). Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. Vol. II. Vol. II. New York, NY: Charles Fifty. Webster & Company. p. 660. OCLC 44674220.
• Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battleground Guide Archived December 30, 2017, at the Wayback Auto. second ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
• Korn, Jerry, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. War on the Mississippi: Grant'due south Vicksburg Campaign. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0-8094-4744-4.
• McPherson, James G. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Ceremonious State of war Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-xix-503863-0.
• Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Divers the American Ceremonious War. Chapel Loma: University of Northward Carolina Printing, 2019. ISBN 978-one-4696-4972-vi.
• Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
• Simon, John Y., ed. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Vol. 8, April 1 – July 6, 1863. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8093-0884-3.
• National Park Service boxing clarification
• CWSAC Report Update
• Various resources from the University Libraries Sectionalisation of Special Collections, The University of Alabama.
• U.Southward. War Section, The State of war of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.Southward. Government Press Office, 1880–1901.

Further reading [edit]

• Ballard, Michael B. Grant at Vicksburg: The General and the Siege. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Academy Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8093-3240-3.
• Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil State of war. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. ISBN 978-ane-4262-0510-1.
• Groom, Winston. Vicksburg, 1863. New York: Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-26425-1.
• Rawley, James A. (1966). Turning Points of the Civil War. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN0-8032-8935-9. OCLC 44957745.
• Shea, William 50. and Terrence J. Winschel. Vicksburg is the Primal: The Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln, NE: Academy of Nebraska Printing, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1.
• Solonick, Justin S. (April seven, 2015). Technology Victory: The Union Siege of Vicksburg. Southern Illinois University Printing. ISBN978-0-8093-3392-9.
• Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 1-882810-31-seven.
• Winschel, Terrence J. Triumph & Defeat: The Vicksburg Campaign, Vol. 2. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-21-ix.
• Winschel, Terrence J. Vicksburg: Autumn of the Confederate Gibraltar. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Printing, 1999. ISBN 978-one-893114-00-v.
• Woodworth, Steven East.ed. Grant's Lieutenants: From Cairo to Vicksburg. Lawrence: Academy Press of Kansas, 2001. ISBN 0-7006-1127-iv.
• Woodworth, Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. ISBN 0-7006-0461-eight.
• Woodworth, Steven E. Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0-375-41218-2.

External links [edit]

• Vicksburg Entrada animated map (Civil State of war Trust)
• Vicksburg Virtual Museum Exhibit, National Park Service
• Animated map of the siege of Vicksburg (Civil State of war Trust)
• C-SPAN American History Television Tour of Vicksburg National Military Park

Which Union Victory Gave The Union Control Of The Mississippi River?,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg

Posted by: tarterloyed1961.blogspot.com

Share this post